- Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa ulwazi lwesayensi namakhono asebenzayo ukudala izixazululo eziguqula izinsiza zibe imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo eziwusizo.
- Uguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, kusukela eNkathini Yamatshe kuya enkathini yedijithali, lulethe izinguquko ezinkulu emnothweni, emsebenzini, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.
- Ama-ICT avumela ulwazi ukuthi lugcinwe, lucutshungulwe futhi ludluliselwe ngezinga elikhulu, okuqhuba umphakathi omusha wezobuchwepheshe oxhumene kakhulu.
- Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ekuzimeleni nasekufinyelelekeni komuntu siqu buyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukuncika kanye nokukhuthaza ukuguga okusebenzayo kanye nokubandakanywa.
La Ubuchwepheshe buyingxenye cishe yakho konke esikwenzayoKusukela ekukhanyiseni izibani ekuseni kuya ekuthumeleni umlayezo noma ekubhukheni i-aphoyintimenti kadokotela ku-inthanethi, sivame ukusebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha, noma izinto zasendlini ngaphandle kokuma sicabange ngalokho okubangela lokhu, ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busho ukuthini ngempela, noma ukuthi sifike kanjani kulesi simo esidijithali kakhulu.
Yazi le imiqondo eyisisekelo yobuchwepheshe Kusisiza siqonde kangcono izwe lanamuhla, izinzuzo zalo, kanye nezingozi zalo. Kuyo yonke le ndatshana, sizohlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buyini, ukuthi buguquke kanjani ngezinguquko ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe, ukuthi iyiphi indima edlalwa yi-ICT namuhla, nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ukuthuthukisa ukuzimela komuntu siqu, ukufinyeleleka, kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila, ikakhulukazi kulabo abasengozini enkulu yokuthembela.
Buyini ubuchwepheshe futhi yiziphi izakhi ezibubumbayo?
Uma sikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe, asibhekiseli nje kumaselula, amakhompyutha, noma imishini eyinkimbinkimbi; empeleni, Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa noma yisiphi isisombululo esidalwe abantu. ukuxazulula inkinga noma ukwanelisa isidingo, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinsizakusebenza zenhlangano.
Ngombono obanzi, ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa kokubili izinto ezibonakalayo (amathuluzi, amadivayisi, imishini, ingqalasizinda) njenge izinto ezingabonakali (izinhlangano, izindlela zomsebenzi, izinhlelo zekhompyutha(imithetho nezinqubo). Konke lokhu kusebenza ngenxa yabantu abaklama, bakhiqize, basebenzise, balondoloze, futhi bathuthukise lezo zinhlelo.
Ezindaweni eziningi zezemfundo, kuvame ukushiwo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buyi- ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kolwazi lwesayensi (isayensi) kanye amakhono awusizo (Indlela) yokudala izixazululo zobuchwepheshe. Lezi zixazululo zivumela abantu ukuthi banelise izidingo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu: ukudla kangcono, ukuxhumana amabanga amade, ukuhamba ngokushesha, ukunakekela impilo yabo, ukufunda, ukusebenza, noma ukujatshuliswa.
Igama elithi ubuchwepheshe livela kwelesiGriki: ngakolunye uhlangothi, “i-tékhne” ibhekisela kubuciko, ubuchwepheshe, noma ubucikoNgakolunye uhlangothi, “ama-logo” abhekisela emzimbeni wolwazi noma ukuhlakanipha. Ndawonye akha umqondo wolwazi oluhlelekile olusebenzayo olusebenza ukungenelela nokuguqula imvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ibhalwa ngosonhlamvukazi, Ubuchwepheshe bungabhekisela emkhakheni ofundwayo izimiso ezivamile kwezobuchwepheshe ezahlukene, noma isihloko semfundo yezobuchwepheshe esikoleni, lapho abafundi bejwayelana khona nezinto zobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu, izinqubo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphila kwansuku zonke.
Izinqubo zobuchwepheshe: okungaphezu kokusebenzisa amadivayisi
Ngemuva kwayo yonke into esunguliwe, isevisi yedijithali, noma izinto zasekhaya kulele uchungechunge lwemisebenzi esingayiboni njalo. Izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ziyiqoqo lezigaba ezilandelanayo eziguqula izinsiza (izinto zokwakha, amandla, ulwazi, isikhathi, imali) zibe imikhiqizo noma izinsizakalo ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile.
Inqubo yezobuchwepheshe ihilela izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izinjongo ezicacile, izinsiza ezitholakalayo, kanye nezinqubo ezifaneleAkwanele ukuba nomqondo omuhle: kufanele uhlele ukuthi iklanywe kanjani, ukuthi ikhiqizwa kanjani, ukuthi izosatshalaliswa kanjani, ukuthi izogcinwa kanjani, ukuthi ikhwalithi izolawulwa kanjani, nokuthi imiphumela izohlolwa kanjani.
Ngamagama alula, inqubo yezobuchwepheshe ivame ukufaka imisebenzi efana umklamo womkhiqizo noma wesevisiUkuhlela imisebenzi, ukuthutha izinto zokuthola nokuthutha izinto, ukukhiqiza noma ukuqalisa, ukugcinwa, ukukala (i-metrology), ukuhlola, kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi. Konke lokhu kungaba lula kakhulu noma kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuye ngesimo.
Ukuze sithole umbono wokwehlukahlukana, ake sicabange ngomehluko phakathi ukwenza ingubo kusukela ekukhiqizweni kobuciko kuya ekuphatheni isitshalo esikhulu samakhemikhali kaphethiloli. Kuzo zombili izimo kunezinqubo zobuchwepheshe, kodwa izinga lobunzima, uhlobo lwezinsiza, kanye namazinga okuzenzakalelayo kushintsha ngokuphelele.
Yingakho ngokuvamile kuthiwa Ubuchwepheshe abuyona nje "imishini"Futhi ziyizinqubo, ukuhlela umsebenzi, ukwenza izinqumo kanye nokuxhumanisa abantu abaningi ukuze umphumela wokugcina ufinyelele ezandleni zethu ngokuphepha, ngokuwusizo nangezindleko ezifanele.
Uguquko lwezobuchwepheshe kulo lonke umlando
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, kuye kwenzeka izenzakalo eziningana izinguquko zobuchwephesheOkusho ukuthi, izikhathi lapho kukhona intuthuko, izinto ezintsha noma izinguquko ezijulile kangangokuthi ziguqula ngokuphelele inhlangano yomphakathi, umnotho kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
Lokhu kugxuma akugcini nje ngokuthinta imishini noma amathuluzi; kunomthelela isayensi, umnotho, indlela yokusebenzaAmamodeli okukhiqiza nokuphatha ezinkampanini, kanye nasezindaweni ezifana ne-ecology, imfundo, impilo, ukudla, kanye nokuxhumana. Ake sibukeze izenzakalo ezibalulekile zomlando.
Inkathi Yamatshe: Amathuluzi okuqala nokulawula umlilo
Ngaphambi komlando, abantu bokuqala baqala ukukhiqiza amathuluzi alula enziwe ngezinduku, amatshe, namathamboNakuba zingase zibonakale ziyinto eyisisekelo kithi namuhla, zazimelela ushintsho olukhulu ekhonweni lazo lokuzingela, ukucubungula ukudla, ukwakha izindawo zokukhosela nokuzivikela.
Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu kwaba ubuciko bomliloUkukwazi ukukhanyisa nokugcina umlilo kuvumele ukuguqulwa kokwakheka kokudla ngokupheka, ukuthuthukisa ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokuphepha kokudla, kanye nokusebenzisa ilangabi ukuthola ukushisa emakhayaukukhanyisa ebusuku nokwesabisa izilwane eziyingozi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuphila kwabantu kwakungasagcini nje ngokukhanya kwelanga.
Umlando Wasendulo: isondo kanye namadivayisi okuqala okubala
Ezikhathini zasendulo, kwavela izinto ezintsha ezashintsha ngokuphelele izinhlelo zezolimo nezomnotho zaleso sikhathi, uma zibhekwa emuva. Esinye sezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukusungulwa kwesondo cishe ngo-5.000 BC eMesopotamia, ochwepheshe abaningi ababheka njengoguquko lokuqala olukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe ngenxa yomthelela walo omkhulu kwezokuthutha kanye nezinqubo eziningi zokukhiqiza.
Kamuva, cishe ngo-2.700 BC, abacusIsibali, ithuluzi lokubala elalisiza ekusebenzeni kwezinombolo, simele isinyathelo sokuqala sokusetshenziswa kwemishini ekucutshungulweni kolwazi. Le minikelo yasiza imiphakathi yasendulo ukuphatha kangcono isivuno sayo, ukuhweba, kanye namarekhodi okuphatha.
Iminyaka Ephakathi: ikhampasi kanye nokwanda kokuzulazula
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, enye yezinto ezisunguliwe eziyinhloko kwakuyi- ikhampasiokwaba yinto edumile cishe ngekhulu lesi-9. Leli thuluzi elilula lathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzulazula olwandle ngokunikeza inkomba ethembekile yesiqondiso ngisho nalapho kungabonakali kahle.
Ngenxa yekhampasi, Izindlela zokuhweba zasolwandle zaba ziphephile futhi zabikezelwa kalula.Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukushintshana kwezimpahla, abantu, kanye nemibono phakathi kwezifunda ezikude. Nakuba kungakhulunywa ngaso sonke isikhathi njengezinye izinto ezintsha, indima yayo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho namasiko esintu yayinkulu kakhulu.
Isikhathi Sanamuhla: umshini wokunyathelisa, imakroskopu kanye nokuqala kwezimboni
Inkathi Yanamuhla yayiphawuleka ngezinto eziningana ezinamandla ezisunguliwe. Enye yezinto ezifanekisela kakhulu kwakuyi- umshini wokunyathelisa wohlobo oluhambayo ngekhulu le-15, okwanciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza izincwadi futhi kwavumela ukusabalala kolwazi, inkolo, kanye nemibono yezombusazwe okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, i- isibonakhuluokwavula umnyango wokubuka izakhiwo ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu futhi kwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko eyalandela yebhayoloji, imithi, kanye namagatsha amaningi esayensi yokuhlola.
Kakade ngekhulu le-18, injini yomusi kanye ne-telegraphInjini yomusi yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenziwa kwemishini kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nezokuthutha (izitimela, imikhumbi), kanti i-telegraph yashintsha ukuxhumana okude. Konke lokhu kuthuthuka kwaholela kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Industrial Revolution. First Industrial Revolution.
First Industrial Revolution
I-First Industrial Revolution yaphawula ukuguquka kusuka emnothweni osekelwe kakhulu kwezolimo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla kuya kowomnotho lapho Amafektri nemishini kwadlala indima ehamba phambiliAmadolobha akhula, ukuhlelwa komsebenzi kwashintsha, futhi kwavela imisebenzi emisha ehlobene nezimboni nobunjiniyela.
Second Industrial Revolution
Phakathi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Second Industrial RevolutionLesi sikhathi saphawulwa yisethi entsha yezinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezenhlalo. Izinto ezisunguliwe ezibalulekile zalesi sikhathi zifaka phakathi isibani sikagesi, the inombolo yocingo kanye nokumiswa kwesimiso sokuqala izimoto.
Lesi sikhathi sabona ukuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi amakhulu ezokuthutha kanye nezokuxhumana, kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Izazi-mlando eziningi zibheka lokhu njenge iqoqo elikhulu lezinguquko zomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezenhlalo kusukela esikhathini seNeolithic, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okwakunikeza ezolimo, ezohwebo, kanye nezimboni ezingeni lomhlaba wonke.
I-Third Industrial Revolution noma i-Post-Industrial Age
Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, kwavela igagasi elisha lezinguquko elihlobene ne- Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nokuxhumana ngocingongokusungulwa kwe amakhompyutha okuqala, amafoni angenantambo, i-inthanethi, futhi kamuva, i-World Wide Web (WWW), inethiwekhi enkulu yomhlaba wonke exhumanisa amakhompyutha nolwazi emhlabeni wonke.
Le Nguquko Yezimboni Yesithathu, ebizwa nangokuthi Inkathi Yangemva KwezimboniLokhu kwaholela emnothweni osekelwe kakhulu kusevisi kanye nolwazi, lapho ukucubungula idatha, ukuzenzekela, kanye nokuxhumana okusheshayo kwaba yinto ebalulekile ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.
Ukuya kwi-inthanethi yezinto kanye neNguquko Yezimboni Yesine
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe kuyaqhubeka, futhi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje singene esigabeni esiphawulwe ukuthuthukiswa internet yezinto, ukuxhumana kwamadivayisi komunye nomunye (amaselula, izinzwa, izinto zasendlini, izimoto, imishini yezimboni) kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-5G.
Ukuze sichaze isigaba samanje, sivame ukukhuluma I-Fourth Industrial Revolution, eyaziwa nangokuthi inguquko yesayensi-yezobuchwepheshe noma inguquko yobuhlakani kanye nokwenziwa kwedijithali. Kulesi simo, i-microelectronics, i-Big Data, i-Cloud Computing, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, i- ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo Futhi imikhakha egxile ku-R&D ishintsha kakhulu imboni, izinsizakalo, kanye nokuhleleka komsebenzi.
Ubuchwepheshe namuhla: umphakathi wedijithali kanye nenhlalakahle
Kusukela ezikhathini lapho intuthuko enkulu yayibasa umlilo noma iqopha itshe kuze kube namuhla, igxathu belilikhulu kakhulu. Namuhla, uma sikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe, sivame ukucabanga nge- ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwesayensi olusetshenziswa kumadivayisi, izinhlelo zokusebenza namathuluzi ezisivumela ukuthi siklame futhi sakhe izimpahla noma izinsizakalo ezenza kube lula ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buhlose ukuhlinzeka impendulo ezidingweni zomuntu ngamunye kanye nezeqembuKusukela ekuxhumaneni nomndeni wethu kuya ekuphatheni izinsizakalo zezempilo, ezemfundo, ezezimali, noma ezokuzijabulisa, konke lokhu kunomthelela oqondile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yempilo yethu, uma nje kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele futhi efinyelelekayo.
Isikhathi esiphila kuso sibonakala ngokuba yiqiniso isigaba sokuguqulwa kwedijithali komphakathi. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo, ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kanye nokumaketha kwazo kusekelwa kakhulu yizinhlelo zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho isici samandla kanye nokuphathwa kolwazi okuhlakaniphile kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Yonke imisebenzi yesayensi neyobuchwepheshe itholakala ku- Ukunyakaza okuqhubekayoYonke into entsha ivula amathuba amasha, kodwa futhi idala izinselele zokuziphatha, zomsebenzi kanye nezemvelo. Ngokombono, umgomo wentuthuko enjalo kufanele kube inhlalakahle yabantu kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalo neyezomnotho, okulinganisela ukukhula nokusimama kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo.
Njengoba kwenzeka ngesondo eMesopotamiya, Ubuchwepheshe bamanje buthatha indawo ebalulekile empilweni yethuUkuze sithole ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okudingekayo (ukufunda amakhono amasha, ukushintsha imikhuba, ukuvuselela ingqalasizinda), zisinikeza izinzuzo ezinjengokonga isikhathi nomzamo, ukulula, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zobudlelwano kanye nokubamba iqhaza.
Ama-ICT: Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi Nokuxhumana
Ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke yobuchwepheshe obukhulu, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) Baye bathola udumo olukhulu. Leli gama lihlanganisa yonke imikhiqizo nezinhlelo ezikwazi ukugcina, ukubuyisa, ukuphatha, ukudlulisa, noma ukwamukela ulwazi ngogesi nangedijithali.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi konke kusukela kumakhompyutha kanye nama-smartphone, amathebulethi nama-TV axhunyiwe...kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana, amaseva, izinhlelo zamafu, amapulatifomu okuthumela imiyalezo, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, nokunye okuningi. Ngenxa ye-ICT, Ulwazi lujikeleza ngesivinini nangezinga elingacabangeki eminyakeni embalwa edlule..
Empilweni yansuku zonke, lokhu kuhumusha kube yizenzo ezivamile njengezenzo qapha ukushaya kwenhliziyo yethu ngewashi elihlakaniphile, bhukha i-aphoyintimenti esikhungweni sezempilo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza, hlola izindaba nemicimbi ngesikhathi sangempela noma wenze izingcingo zevidiyo nabantu abaqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane, unqobe umehluko wesikhathi kanye namabanga angokomzimba.
Nakuba eminingi yale misebenzi ingase ibonakale njengezenzo ezincane, ezivamile, ndawonye zisishukumisela endleleni entsha yokwenza izinto umphakathi wezobuchwepheshe, lapho ukuxhumana kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha okukhulu kuguqula khona izindawo ezifana nezempilo, ezokuthutha, imfundo, ezokuxhumana noma ezokuzijabulisa.
Ubuchwepheshe, ukuzimela komuntu siqu kanye nokuguga okusebenzayo
Enye yezinkambu lapho ubuchwepheshe bunegalelo elikhulu khona yileyo ukuzimela komuntu siqu, ukuvimbela ukuthembela ekuziphatheni kanye nokuguga okusebenzayoUmgomo lapha awukona nje ukwenza impilo ibe ntofontofo, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa amalungelo, ukufinyeleleka, kanye namathuba alinganayo.
Izikhungo zomphakathi ezahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi zikhuthaza izinsiza namathuluzi ukuze abantu abakhubazekile, abantu asebekhulile, noma labo abanenkinga yokuqonda bakwazi ukusizakala ngobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokukhishwa ngaphandleIsibonelo salokhu umsebenzi owenziwa yiBhodi Yasebukhosini Yokukhubazeka.
Le nhlangano ikhiqize, isibonelo, i- Umhlahlandlela wezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezifinyelelekayoYakhelwe ukusiza ukuhlonza nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokufinyeleleka futhi eziwusizo ngempela kubantu abanezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhubazeka, lo mthombo uqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayizuzisi nje kuphela labo asebevele benezinzuzo ezengeziwe.
Sekuphinde kwenziwa umsebenzi emibhalweni ephathelene umbono wobulili ekufinyelelekeni kanye nemikhiqizo yokusiza abesifazane namantombazane abakhubazekile. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abunawo umthelela ofanayo emhlabeni wonke, nokuthi kungase kube nezikhala ezithile ezithinta amaqembu athile kakhulu uma izinqubomgomo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu zingaklanywanga.
Eziningi zalezi zinto zitholakala ku- Ukufunda OkululaOkusho ukuthi, ngolimi nefomethi eguquliwe ukuze iqondakale kalula kubantu abanenkinga yokufunda noma yokuqonda. Sithola, isibonelo, iziqondiso zokulanda nokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Cl@ve PIN, noma zokucela isitifiketi sedijithali ku-inthanethi, kuchazwe isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngendlela efinyelelekayo.
Umqondo oyisisekelo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungaba ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokugcina ukuzimela kanye nokubamba iqhaza emphakathini kwasebekhulile noma abakhubazekile: kusukela ezikhumbuzweni zemithi namadivayisi okunakekelwa ngocingo kuya kumapulatifomu okuqeqesha aku-inthanethi noma izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezilungisiwe.
Ngokufanayo, izinto zolwazi kanye neziqondiso ziyashicilelwa ukuze noma yisiphi isakhamuzi sikwazi ukwenza izinqubo zedijithali kalula nangokuthembekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokufunda ukuthi singazibona kanjani ngokuphephile, ukuqonda ukuthi siyini isitifiketi sedijithali, nokuthi ulwazi lomuntu siqu luvikelwe kanjani kulezi zinhlelo.
Uma kuhlanganiswa umklamo omuhle wezobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokufinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu, kanye nokusekelwa koqeqesho, Ubuchwepheshe buba umngane onamandla ukuguga ngenkuthalo, ukugcina ubudlelwano bezenhlalo, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zomphakathi nokusebenzisa amalungelo ngokuzimela okukhulu.
Uma ubheka lolu hambo lonke, kusukela kumathuluzi okuqala amatshe kuya ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezifinyelelekayo, umuntu angaqonda ukuthi kanjani Ubuchwepheshe bulokhu futhi buyaqhubeka nokuba yimbangela yoshintsho emphakathiniUkuqonda imiqondo yayo eyisisekelo, izinqubo, kanye nemiphumela yayo kusenza sikwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha, sifune ukuthi ibandakanye wonke umuntu, futhi siyisebenzisele ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabantu ngaphandle kokushiya muntu ngemuva.
