- Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokwakheka kwamakhompyutha edeskithophu nama-laptop.
- Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezingxenye ezibalulekile njengesitoreji se-CPU, i-RAM, kanye ne-SSD.
- Indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokuhlanganisa ngokuphephile ikhompyutha eyenziwe ngokwezifiso.
- Izindlela zokuvimbela ugesi ongashintshi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukupholisa.
Uma uke wabuka umbhoshongo wekhompyutha yakho uzibuza Yini emhlabeni lapho? Noma uma uzizwa ulahlekile ngokuphelele uzama ukuthenga imishini emisha ngaphandle kokukhwabaniswa, usufike endaweni efanele. Akudingeki ube unjiniyela we-NASA ukuze uqonde ukuthi umshini wakho usebenza kanjani; umqondo lapha ukuthola ama-brass tacks usebenzisa ulimi olulula noluqondile ukuze noma ubani athole okuningi ngehadiwe yakhe.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi, nakuba i-laptop ne-desktop PC zisebenza ngendlela efanayo, i-laptop empeleni iyi- amandla agxilile lapho ukuphathwa kwesikhala namandla kubalulekile khona. Nakuba umbhoshongo unendawo eningi yokuhamba komoya, i-laptop igcwele, okwenza kube yindawo enzima. ukuphathwa ukushisa kusici esinqumayo sokuthi imishini ingabi buthakathaka noma ingabi sesimweni esihle ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Izisekelo zobuchwepheshe: kusukela kuma-pulse kagesi kuya kudatha
Okokuqala ngezinto eziyisisekelo, ikhompyutha ayicabangi njengomuntu, kodwa icubungula ukulandelana kwama-zero kanye nama-ones okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-bits. Lezi zimo zikagesi ezilula (ezikhona njengamanje noma ezingekho) ziphathwa izigidi zama-transistors ku-CPU asebenza njengama-switch. Uma sihlanganisa ayisishiyagalombili ala ma-bits ndawonye, sithola i-byte, okuyiyunithi eyisisekelo esivumela zimele izinhlamvu noma izimpawu esibukweni.
Cishe uke wabona amagama anjenge-gigabytes noma ama-terabytes ezitolo. Iqiniso elilodwa elivame ukudida abantu ukuthi ukugxuma ngakunye kuphindaphindwa ngakunye 1024 hhayi ngo-1000Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekudidekeni lapho kufundwa umthamo wangempela we-hard drive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukungadideki isivinini sokudlulisa ngama-byte (B/s) nesivinini sama-bits (b/s), njengoba esedlule sinjalo. ngokushesha okuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kuneyesibili.
Omunye umqondo okudingeka uwuqonde imvamisa, elinganiswa nge-hertz (Hz). Uma ufunda ukuthi iprosesa yakho ifinyelela ku-3,5 GHz, kusho ukuthi ingakwazi ukusebenza izigidigidi zemijikelezo ngomzuzwanaKodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kanye nokushisa kuzonquma ukuthi zingaki iziyalezo zangempela eziqediwe ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke izinombolo ezingavuthiwe azihlali zilandisa yonke indaba.
Ukwakheka kanye nezimfihlo ze-laptop
I-laptop empeleni iyinguqulo encane ye-PC lapho i-motherboard, i-CPU, i-RAM, kanye nesitoreji kucindezelwa khona. Inkinga enkulu lapha ukuthi izingxenye eziningi ziyahlanganiswa ndawonye isethi yasefekthri, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukungenzi iphutha lapho uthenga, njengoba izinketho zokwandisa inkumbulo noma isitoreji esikhathini esizayo ziyi kunqunyelwe kakhulu kunakwikhompyutha yedeskithophu.
I-CPU ingubuchopho besistimu, futhi kuma-laptop, kusetshenziswa izinguqulo zamandla aphansi ukuze Ibhethri alipheli ngehora elilodwa. Imikhiqizo efana ne-Intel ne-AMD ibusa imakethe, yize izakhiwo ezifana ne-RISC-V seziqala ukuvela. Ngaphakathi, umsebenzi uhlukaniswe phakathi kweyunithi ye-arithmetic logic kanye neyunithi yokulawula, kuncike ku amazinga ememori ye-cache (L1, L2 kanye ne-L3) ukugwema ukusebenzisa i-RAM njalo.
Ungathonywa yi-GHz ekhangisiwe kuphela. Amadivayisi amaningi anezimvamisa ze-turbo eziphezulu kakhulu, kodwa azigcina isikhashana nje. Okubaluleke kakhulu yi- imvamisa ezinzile ngaphansi komthwalookuncike ngokuphelele ekutheni uhlelo lokupholisa luyakwazi yini ukukhipha ukushisa kahle noma ukuthi imishini igcina ihlushwa yi-thermal throttling.
Imemori Nokugcina Izinto: indawo yokusebenza
Singacabanga nge-RAM njengendawo yokusebenza: uma inkulu, kulapho ungavula khona amadokhumenti amaningi ngasikhathi sinye ngaphandle kokulayisha ngokweqile uhlelo. Okwamanje, indinganiso iwukusebenzisa I-DDR4 noma i-DDR5Ukuze uthole imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphequlula kanye neyasehhovisi, i-8 GB yanele, kodwa uma uhlela ividiyo noma udlala imidlalo, I-16 GB kufanele ibe ubuncane bakhoQaphela imemori ye-LPDDR, njengoba ivame ukushintshwa futhi awusoze wakwazi ukuyithuthukisa.
Ngokuphathelene nendawo yokugcina, ama-HDD emishini cishe asekhona kuma-laptop. Ama-SSD manje asewubuchwepheshe obuphambili, futhi kunezinketho ezimbili: i-SATA, ehamba kancane, kanye... Ama-SSD e-NVMe axhunywe nge-PCIeokuyiziqhumane zangempela. Ukuze ugweme ukuchitha impilo yakho yonke ususa amafayela, kungcono ukuqala ngo-512 GB, yize I-1 TB iyinombolo yomlingo ukukhohlwa ngezinkinga zesikhala.
Ihluzo, Amandla kanye nenhliziyo yesistimu
I-GPU ingahlanganiswa, yabelane nge-RAM ne-CPU futhi isebenzise amandla amancane, noma inikezelwe, nge-VRAM yayo, edingekayo ku- Imidlalo yedizayini ye-3D noma yevidiyoKuma-laptop, ikhadi lehluzo elizinikele livame ukufakwa ku-solder, ngakho-ke kufanele unake kakhulu inani lememori kanye nomkhawulo wamandla owabelwe umenzi ukuze ugweme izithiyo.
Impilo yebhethri ilinganiswa ngamahora e-watt (Wh). Ukuze uvimbele ukuwohloka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, into ehlakaniphile kakhulu okufanele uyenze vimbela imishini ekushiseni ngokweqile Gwema ukusebenzisa amandla ngokweqile futhi ungawashiyi exhunywe ku-100% ngaso sonke isikhathi ngaphandle uma kudingeka ngempela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-motherboard isebenza njengomgwaqo omkhulu wedatha; uma amabhasi emancane kakhulu, uzobhekana nokusebenza okungekuhle ngisho noma unayo. i-CPU enamandla kakhulu emakethe.
Asikwazi futhi ukukhohlwa i-BIOS noma i-UEFI, isofthiwe eyisisekelo eqalisa umshini futhi igcinwe ku-chip ye-ROM engashintshi. Icebiso eliwusizo: uma ubona ukuthi i-laptop yakho ilahlekelwa isikhathi njalo uma uyivala, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ibhethri lebhodi lomama seliphelile futhi sidinga ushintsho olusheshayo.
Indlela yokwakha i-PC yakho isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Ukwakha ikhompyutha kusukela ekuqaleni kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokonga imali nokuba nomshini olungiselelwe ngqo izidingo zakho. Akuyona into exakile, futhi izinkulungwane zabasebenzisi ziyakwenza lokhu ukuze zigweme ukusethwa okulungiselelwe kusengaphambili okuvela ezitolo, okuvame ukuba Abaneliseki ngokupheleleUma ufuna ukufunda, funda lokhu. Umhlahlandlela ophelele wehadiwe: indlela yokwakha i-PC yakho. udinga eyodwa kuphela Isikulufi sikaPhillipsIzibopho zekhebula, futhi uma ufuna ukuqaphela, amagilavu ukuze ugweme ukushiya amafutha kumasekethe.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukususa konke emabhokisini ukuze ugweme ukuphazamisa ukuhamba komsebenzi. Shiya ikesi le-PC lilungile, ufake isivikelo se-I/O kanye... izihlukanisi zethusiKunconywa kakhulu ukuhlanganisa izingxenye eziyisisekelo ngaphandle kwekhava ukuze kube nendawo eyengeziwe yokuyilawula. Okokuqala, sibeka iprosesa kusokhethi, siqaphele ukuthi Ungagobi izikhonkwane, bese kuba yi-NVMe M.2 SSD bese kuba yi-RAM ekugcineni.
Uma usebenzisa isipholisi somoya, sifake manje. Uma kuyisipholisi soketshezi se-AIO, linda kuze kube yilapho i-motherboard ingaphakathi kwekesi, njengoba i-radiator idinga ukuboshwa esakhiweni. Uma i-motherboard isilungile, yifake esikhwameni bese uyibopha. Xhuma izintambo zephaneli yangaphambili ngokucophelela. uma iphini lingangeni kahleUngakuphoqeleli, ngoba ukuphula kungaba yinhlekelele enkulu.
Ukudla kanye nokuqeda izinto
Uma ugesi wakho ungowe-modular, xhuma izintambo ezidingekayo kuqala, bese ufaka ugesi ku-chassis. Qala nge- Ikhebula le-ATX elinamaphini angu-24okuyiyona enkulu kakhulu futhi okunzima kakhulu ukuyiqondisa. Okulandelayo, faka ikhadi lehluzo endaweni ye-PCIe, ulibophe nge-screw ku-chassis, bese uxhuma izintambo zalo zamandla. Ukuze wenze inqubo ibe ngcono, ungalandela i- Umhlahlandlela wokulungiselela nokukhetha izingxenye zehadiwe ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa.
Ugesi oqinile uyisitha esihamba phambili. Ukuze uvimbele inhlansi ekubhubhiseni ingxenye, sebenzisa i-antistatic wristband Noma uthinte into yensimbi engapendwanga ngaphambi kokuphatha izingcezu. Ungalokothi usebenze kumakhaphethi noma ezindwangu ezikhiqiza ugesi ongashintshi. Ngokuphathelene ne-thermal paste, khumbula lokho okuncane kungaphezuluIphuzu elincane phakathi nendawo lanele ukuvimbela ukuthi lingagcwali futhi libangele umjikelezo omfushane.
Ngaphambi kokuvula ikhompyutha okokuqala, hlola ngokushesha. Qinisekisa ukuthi i-RAM ine... "chofoza" kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi azikho izikulufo ezikhululekile ezizulazula ngaphakathi kwebhokisi. Uma ingaqali okokuqala, ungesabi; ngokuvamile kuyinto ewubuwula njengokuthi iswishi yokunikezela ugesi icishiwe noma i- ikhebula alifakwanga kahle.
Amacala akhethekile: i-Raspberry Pi kanye ne-SBC
Ngaphandle kwezwe lama-PC avamile, kune-Single Board Computers (ama-SBC), lapho Ukusajingijolo Pi Lezi yizona ezaziwa kakhulu. Abantu abaningi bazisebenzisela ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi amangalisayo umsebenzisi ojwayelekile angeke awacabange. Ngakho-ke, sekuvamile ukuthi abantu bafune ukuqala ngala makhompyutha ebhodi elilodwa, bekhetha inguqulo efanelana kahle nezidingo zabo. intengo, amandla noma ukuxhumana.
Ukwazi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-CPU, i-RAM, kanye nesitoreji, kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa nokunakekela izingxenye, kukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise noma iyiphi ikhompyutha. Leli khono lokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile lapho uthenga ihadiwe liqinisekisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuba yimpumelelo. ukusebenza kwangempela kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kunoma yimuphi umshini, kungaba i-laptop encane noma umbhoshongo osebenza kahle kakhulu.
