- Uhambo oluvela kuma-pictogram ayisisekelo e-Xerox PARC luye olimini oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-Fluent Design lwe-Microsoft.
- Ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe kwezithonjana, kusuka ezithombeni ezilula ezimnyama nezimhlophe kuya kumafayela e-.ico kanye ne-PNG anokukhanya kanye nesisombululo esiphezulu.
- Izinguquko ezinkulu ekubonakaleni kwelogo, zishintsha phakathi kwe-polychromy yakudala kanye ne-monochromatic minimalism yamanje.
Uma sibheka emuva, siyaqaphela ukuthi sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kusukela izithonjana zokuqala ze-Windows zaqala ukuvela ezikrinini zethu. Kusukela kulezo zinsuku zokuqala, lezi zithombe ezincane ziye zashintsha ngokuhambisana nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukucaca kokuqapha, kanye nokujula kombala, kodwa, ngokuthakazelisayo, injongo yazo eyisisekelo isalokhu ifana : ukusisiza sihambe ohlelweni ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Kodwa qaphela ukuthi iMicrosoft ayizange isungule lokhu kusukela ekuqaleni. Imbewu yezithonjana zekhompyutha yatshalwa ngawo-70 elabhorethri ye -Xerox PARC , indawo lapho izinto ezintsha esisazithatha kalula namuhla zathuthukiswa khona. Lezi zithombe, empeleni, ziyizihlobo eziseduze zemidwebo yemihume, njengoba zazifuna ukumelela imiqondo ngokubonakalayo ngaphambi kokuba umbhalo ubuse kakhulu. Kamuva, lo mbono wamukelwa yiziqhwaga ezifana ne-Apple ne-Macintosh futhi, vele, yi-Microsoft, zaba yizingxenye ezibalulekile zesibonisi somsebenzisi.
Izisekelo: Kusukela ku-Windows 1.xa kuya enkathini yemibala engu-16
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-Windows 1.x kanye ne-2.x, izithonjana zaziyimifanekiso elula emnyama nemhlophe engamaphikseli angu-32x32. Ngaleso sikhathi, uhlelo lwalusebenza njengesendlalelo sesithombe phezu kwe-MS-DOS, futhi izithonjana zazivela kuphela uma izinhlelo zincishisiwe . Ukuqalisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kwakuncike ku-MS-DOS Executive, okwakuwuhlu olucacile lwamagama efayela.
Izinto zaba mnandi nge-Windows 3.0, eyaletha imibala engu-16. Yilapho ubuhlakani bukaSusan Kare baqala khona ukusebenza . Njengomdwebi owayesevele ezenzele uphawu ku-Macintosh, wanikeza i-Windows ukubukeka kwesithunzi okulingisiwe, okwakubizwa ngokuthi "i-3D" ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi sigaba sasibalulekile ngoba uKare wasungula izinhlobo zokuklama ezazizothonya uhlelo iminyaka eminingi. Inguqulo 3.1 ayizange ilethe izinguquko ezinkulu, kodwa yaqala ukusebenzisa imiphumela ewohlokayo ukuzama ukukhohlisa iso nokulingisa ukujula kombala okukhulu kunalokho okwakukhona ngempela.
Ukuqhubekela phambili kombala kanye nesisombululo: I-Windows 95 kuya ku-XP
Lapho kufika i-Windows 95, kwaba nokulungiswa okuvamile komtapo wezithombe. Nakuba izithonjana eziningi zazisalinganiselwe emibala engu-16, i-Win32 API entsha yavumela, okokuqala, ukuphathwa kwezithombe zamaphikseli angu-256x256 ezinemibala eyizigidi . Kuyamangaza ukucabanga ukuthi ezinye izakhi, njengesithonjana sediski ye-floppy esidumile, zaqiniswa ngesikhathi futhi zahlala zingashintshi kwaze kwaba muva nje.
I-Windows 98 yathatha isinyathelo esengeziwe ngokwenza imibala engu-256 ibe yi-standard futhi yengeza usayizi wamaphikseli angu-48x48, ofanele izikrini ezaziqala ukuthola ukucaca. Kamuva, i-Windows 2000 kanye ne-ME zaqhubeka nokwenza ngcono imininingwane, zithuthukisa ukujula kwezithonjana ezifana ne-"My Computer," kodwa ngaphandle kokuphula isikhunta. Kodwa-ke, i-Windows XP yayiyinguquko yangempela . Lolu hlelo lwethula izithonjana ezingu-32-bit ngesiteshi se-alpha, esavumela izithunzi ezikhanyayo nemiphumela yengilazi , ngokusobala sisuka esitayeleni sikaSusan Kare ukuze samukele amakhona ayindilinga kanye nama-gradients abushelelezi.
Isikhathi sokucaca kanye nokunciphisa izinto: i-Vista, 7 kanye ne-8
I-Windows Vista, naphezu kokugxekwa eyakuthola ngaleso sikhathi, yayinesifiso esikhulu kakhulu. Yethula isikhombikubona se-Aero, futhi, kanye naso, izithonjana zamaphikseli angu-256x256 ngokuzenzakalelayo ezakhula ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho iMicrosoft yanquma ukuhambisana ne-Mac OS X , ikhetha ukugqama okukhanyayo kanye nezithunzi eziwela phansi. I-Windows 7 yazuza ingxenye enkulu yalo msebenzi, kodwa yaqala ukwenza kube lula ukuma, yenza izithonjana zibe zithambile futhi zigqame kakhulu.
Kwabe sekufika ushintsho olukhulu nge-Windows 8 kanye ne-interface yayo "ye-Metro" (noma i-Modern UI), eyenzelwe ama-touchscreen. Yilapho kwavela khona ama-Live Tiles , okwakuyi-mini-widgets enamandla. Izithonjana zohlelo lokusebenza zaba yi-silhouettes emhlophe ngemuva ezinemibala eqinile. Kwakuwukuhlola okuyingozi, okwathi ngenkathi kusebenza kahle kumathebulethi, kwashiya ukunambitheka okumnandi okubabayo kubasebenzisi bedeskithophu bendabuko.
Ukuya kwesimanje: I-Windows 10 kanye nokufika kwe-Windows 11
I-Windows 10 ekuqaleni yagcina ifa le-Windows 8, kodwa kusukela ngo-2017, kwaqala ukulungiswa okukhulu kusetshenziswa ulimi lwe -Fluent Design . Umgomo kwakuwukuqeda ukungalingani okubonakalayo obekuhlupha uhlelo iminyaka eminingi. Ngo-2020, i-Microsoft yavalelisa imibala ethule futhi yakhetha imibala egqamile kanye nokujula okukhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana ne-Calculator kanye ne-Calendar.
Nge-Windows 11, isikhathi sama-tile abukhoma siphelile ngokusemthethweni. Iphakethe lesithonjana elisha, elithonywe yi-Windows 10X, libonisa ama-gradient abushelelezi kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlobo lwe-Segoe . Uhlelo manje seluhlangene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi nge-Dark Mode, futhi lubuyekezwe kuze kube semininingwaneni yokugcina, kufaka phakathi i-Control Panel kanye ne-Recycle Bin.
Ilogo: Ukubonakaliswa kobunjalo beMicrosoft
Ilogo ye-Windows ibilokhu iwuhambo olunezinhlobo ezimbili neyodwa. Yaqala ngo-1985 ngokumelela okulula kwamafasitela ngombala owodwa. Enkathini ye-Windows 3.1 ne-95, ilogo yaba yinto ephawulekayo ngokwamukela imibala emine ehlukene: obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nophuzi , okufanekisela ukuguquguquka. I-Windows XP yathatha lo mklamo yawufinyelela esicongweni sokuthandwa kwayo, yengeza ukukhanya nemibala egqamile kuhlelo lokubhala.
Isikhathi se-Vista ne-Windows 7 sagcina ukwakheka kwe-polychrome kodwa sazama ngemiphumela yengilazi kanye nokucaca. Kodwa-ke, i-Windows 8 yaletha ukuqala kabusha okuphelele: ilogo yabuyela ku-monochromatic (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), enemigqa eqondile kanye nomuzwa oqinile wombono . I-Windows 10 yagcina le ndlela, yenza ithoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaba mnyama kancane. Singasho ukuthi, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuhlola, lo mkhiqizo ubuyele ezimpandeni zawo zobulula , kodwa ngokusebenza kwesimanje.
Umhlahlandlela wobuchwepheshe wokuklama nokudalwa kwezithonjana
Kwabathuthukisi besofthiwe, njengalabo abasebenza ku-Visual Studio, ukudalwa kwezithonjana akuyona indaba yokuthanda komuntu siqu, kodwa kuyindaba yemithetho eqinile. Kufunwa ibhalansi engu-50/50 phakathi kwezindawo ezikhanyayo nezimnyama, kusetshenziswa izingathekiso eziqondile neziqondakala kalula . Ukucaca kubaluleke kakhulu: isithonjana kumele sidlulisele isihloko ngaphandle kokuhlobisa okungadingekile. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezingilazi noma amafolda okukhulisa akukhuthazwa ngaphandle kokuthi kubaluleke kakhulu encazelweni.
Ngokuphathelene nokukhiqizwa, ifomethi ekhethwayo yi -32-bit PNG ngenxa yekhono layo lokuphatha ukucaca ngesiteshi se-alpha. Amafayela e-.ico nawo ayasetshenziswa; lawa ama-container anosayizi abaningi (asukela kumaphikseli angu-16x16 kuya kwangu-256x256). Okubalulekile okufanele kucatshangelwe ukufinyeleleka: imibala ikhethwa ukuze, noma ngabe iguqulwe ngokohlelo kumatimu amnyama, igcine ukugqama okufundekayo nokujwayelekile.
Ukusetshenziswa kombala ezindaweni zobungcweti kumane nje kunolwazi. Okuluhlaza kubonisa izenzo ezinhle (njengokusebenza), okubomvu kugcinelwe izenzo ezimbi (ukususa noma ukumisa), okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kugcinelwe izinto ezingathathi hlangothi, kanti okuphuzi kugcinelwe ukudala izinto ezintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezithile zemibala yezilimi zokuhlela, lapho, isibonelo, okunsomi kuhlotshaniswa ne-C++ kanye nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okune-HTML noma i-WPF, okuvumela umhleli wezinhlelo ukuthi abone uhlobo lwefayela ngokushesha.
Kusukela emidwebweni yokuqala emnyama nemhlophe yama-80s kuya ohlelweni lwamanje lwe-Fluent Design kanye nama-vector e-XAML, ubunikazi bokubuka be-Windows abubonisanga nje kuphela izitayela zobuhle, kodwa futhi nokuvela kwe-hardware kanye ne-digital ergonomics, okuguqula imidwebo elula ibe ulimi olujwayelekile lokuxhumana.