- Usayizi we-VRM nezixhumi ezisekelwe ku-CPU, umthwalo oqhubekayo, nokuhlakazeka.
- Xhuma iphinikhodi engu-24 ne-EPS ngendlela efanele; Ama-PCIe nama-multi-GPU booster.
- Isebenzisa i-BIST, ibhuthi encane kanye ne-Q-LED/beeps ukuze kuhlonzwe amaphutha.
- Gwema ama-VRM ashise ngokweqile: izigaba zangempela ezengeziwe kanye nokugeleza komoya okuhle.
Uma wakha noma uthuthukisa i-PC, ukukhetha ikhambi lamandla lebhodi lomama elifanele kubaluleke njengokukhetha i-CPU noma i-GPU efanele. Ngemuva kwe-boot ngayinye ezinzile, yonke imidlalo noma iseshini yokubonisa engenalo i-lag, kunochungechunge lwezingxenye eziletha amandla kusuka kugesi kuya ku-CPU ngokunembile nangendlela efanelekile yokushisa.
Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa konke okubalulekile mayelana nama-VRM, izigaba zamandla, izixhumi (amaphini angu-24, amaphini angu-8 e-EPS, i-PCIe, i-SATA) , ukuhlanganiswa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, izimo zokusetshenziswa ezidingayo njengokumba, kanye nesigaba sokuxilonga esinokuhlolwa kwe-PSU BIST kanye nezinsiza ze-motherboard (i-Q-LED, amakhodi e-beep). Umgomo ukukuhlomisa ngolwazi lokuthenga, ukuhlanganisa, nokuxazulula izinkinga zama-motherboard ngaphandle kokukhungatheka.
Siyini isixazululo samandla ebhodi lomama futhi kungani kubalulekile?
Ibhodi lomama liyisikhungo semizwa se-PC: lixhuma futhi linike amandla i-CPU, i-RAM, isitoreji, kanye nezingxenye ezisetshenziswayo ngamabhasi, abalawuli, kanye nezixhumi . Phakathi kwemisebenzi yalo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuhlinzeka nge-voltage ezinzile kwi-CPU nge-VRM (Voltage Regulator Module).
I-VRM ihumusha imigqa engu-+12V, +5V, kanye ne-+3,3V kusukela ekuhlinzekweni kwamandla iye kuma -voltage aphansi, ahlanzekile adingwa yiprosesa (isb., ~1,3V), isabalalisa umthwalo ngezigaba eziningi ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga okushisa, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, futhi kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila.
Izingxenye ze-VRM kanye ne-topology
I-VRM evamile iqukethe isilawuli se-PWM, ama-MOSFET aphezulu naphansi , ama-inductor (ama-choke), nama-capacitor. Ukuhlanganiswa ngakunye kwakha isigaba. Ukwandisa inani lezigaba kusho ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sisebenza kancane, okuholela ekushiseni okuncane kanye nokuzinza okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komthwalo oqhubekayo noma ukunqwabelana ngokweqile.
Kunemiklamo enezigaba ezigcwele nezigaba eziphindaphindwayo kusetshenziswa ama-duplicator. Izigaba eziphindaphindwayo zisabalalisa umthwalo we-trigger wesilawuli ngaphandle kokwengeza izigaba ezintsha ezibonakalayo; ziyasiza ngokulethwa okubushelelezi kanye namazinga okushisa, kodwa azilingani nezigaba ezengeziwe ezibonakalayo zomthamo olinganayo.
Izixhumi ezihilelekile ekunikezeni amandla
Isixhumi esikhulu se-ATX esinamaphini angu-24 sinika amandla izingxenye ze-logic zebhodi lomama (i-chipset, ama-slots, ama-port), kuyilapho isixhumi se-EPS esinamaphini angu-8 (ngezinye izikhathi i-4+4, noma ngisho ne-8+8) sinikeza i-+12V ngqo kwi-VRM ye-CPU . Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhadi ehluzo anamandla ezixhumi ze-PCIe (amaphini angu-6/8), kanye nezixhumi ze-SATA ezingamaphini angu-15 zinikeza i-+3,3V, +5V, kanye ne-+12V kuma-hard drive nama-optical drive.
Amabhodi omama okumba angaba nezixhumi zamandla ezengeziwe (i-4-pin Molex noma i-6-pin PCIe) ukuze kukhuliswe amandla kuma-slots e-PCIe uma usebenzisa ama-GPU amaningi. Akudingeki njalo ukuthi uwaxhume wonke; kuncike enanini lamakhadi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwamandla kwangempela.
Ngidinga izigaba ezingaki? Isimiso esilula
Phakathi kwamabhodi amabili alinganayo, elinobukhulu bezigaba zamandla kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokushisa okungcono ngokuvamile kuyisinqumo esihlakaniphe kakhulu. Izigaba zamandla ezigcwele ngokweqile zishisa ngokweqile, zilahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle, futhi zingaholela ekungazinzini nasekugoqeni. Njengesibonelo sokulethwa kwamandla, kunebhodi yamabhodi e-premium anezilungiselelo ezinkulu, njenge-24 (110A) ezinikezelwe ku-Vcore, kanye nezigaba zamandla ezengeziwe ze-SoC kanye nezinye iziteshi.
Uma uhlose ukusunduza iprosesa ephezulu (isibonelo, i-Intel Core Ultra 285K ene-OC) uzoyithanda i-VRM enezinga eliphezulu lesigaba kanye nezinga eliphezulu le-amperage, kuyilapho nge-chip ephakathi nendawo (njenge-Core Ultra 245K) akunangqondo ukukhokhela i-motherboard "eyeqile" uma ungeke uyisunduze ifinyelele emikhawulweni yayo; ukulinganisela i-CPU kanye ne-motherboard kuyisihluthulelo.
Ukuxhuma ugesi ngendlela efanele: ukulungiselela nokuphepha
Ngaphambi kokufaka noma yini, qoqa iyunithi yokunikezela ugesi enhle (i-PSU), i-screwdriver ye-Phillips, ibhande lesihlakala elilwa nokungaguquguquki , kanye nencwadi yemiyalelo yebhodi lakho le-motherboard. Sebenza endaweni ehlanzekile, ekhanyiswe kahle, gwema ukuphoqa izixhumi, bese ubeka izingxenye ezindaweni ezilwa nokungaguquguquki.
Zijwayeze nezixhumi zebhodi lomama kanye nezintambo ze-PSU ezisetshenziswayo. Ukuhlonza kahle isixhumi ngasinye kuvimbela umonakalo, izinkampani eziqalayo ezihlulekile, kanye nekhanda elibuhlungu. Uma okuthile kungahambelani kahle, hlola ukuma nohlobo lwakho.
Ukuhlonza Isixhumi
Amaphini angu-24 (i-ATX eyinhloko): Lena yiphini enkulu kunazo zonke futhi inika amandla iningi le-logic yebhodi. Iphethe imigqa engu- +3,3V, +5V, +12V, kanye nemigqa yomhlabathi , kanye nezimpawu zokuvula amandla.
I-CPU EPS 8-pin (4+4): Itholakala eduze kwesokhethi, inikeza i-+12V ku-CPU VRM. Amabhodi amaningi omama aphezulu afaka isixhumi sesibili se-EPS ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla aphezulu kanye nokuzinza okwengeziwe.
Iphinikhodi ye-PCIe 6/8: Lawa ma-GPU anika amandla ngezintambo zawo ezivela kugesi. Ezinhlelweni zokumba noma ze-GPU eziningi, ikhadi ngalinye kumele libe nomugqa walo wamandla ozinikele ovela ku-PSU.
I-SATA 15-pin: inikeza i-+3,3V, +5V, kanye ne-+12V kuma-SSD/HDD/ama-optical drive. Inama-pin angu-15 ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amandla kanye nomhlabathi; iyisixhumi samandla kuphela , esihlukile kusixhumi sedatha se-SATA.
Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo umhlahlandlela wokuxhumana
1) Faka ikhebula le-ATX elinamaphini angu-24 esixhumini salo bese uqinisekisa ukuthi i -clip iboshwe kahle . 2) Xhuma isixhumi samandla se-CPU esinephini engu-8 (noma engu-4+4) se-EPS kusokhethi. 3) Uma kukhona isixhumi sesibili se-EPS, sixhume uma i-CPU/ibhodi yakho ye-motherboard isincoma. 4) Nika amandla ama-GPU ngezintambo zawo ze-PCIe ezinamaphini angu-6/8. 5) Xhuma izintambo zamandla ze-SATA kuma-drive.
Kumabhodi okumba, engeza iziqiniseko zamandla (izixhumi ezengeziwe ze-Molex/PCIe ebhodini) uma usebenzisa ama-GPU amaningi; hlola ukuthi i-PSU inamandla anele futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ama-rails/amakhebula anele ukusabalalisa umthwalo ngaphandle kokulayisha ngokweqile ikhebula elilodwa.
Izintambo zamandla e-CPU: 4-pin, 8-pin, nezinhlanganisela
Ikhebula le-EPS elinamaphini angu-4 linganikeza cishe ama-155W , okwanele ama-CPU amaningi aphakathi nendawo kuzilungiselelo zesitoko. Kodwa-ke, amanye alawo mandla ayanyamalala njengokushisa ngesikhathi sokulawulwa, okushiya isikhala esincane samandla aphezulu noma i-overclocking.
Ikhebula elinamaphini angu-8 (empeleni amakhebula amabili anamaphini angu-4) landisa ukulethwa kwamandla kufike cishe ku -235W . Ezindaweni ze-HEDT/server (Threadripper, EPYC, Xeon) noma kuma-CPU afuna amandla kakhulu, ukucushwa kwamaphini angu-8+8 kuvamile. I-Threadripper 3990X, isibonelo, idinga cishe ama-280W ukuze isebenze.
Ukuhambisana okusebenzayo: Isixhumi esinamaphini angu-4 singasebenza kusixhumi esinamaphini angu-8 kwezinye izimo, kodwa ngemikhawulo noma ukuqala okungazinzile uma i-CPU idinga amandla engeziwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isixhumi esinamaphini angu-8 ahlukene (4+4) singasetshenziswa kusokhethi esinamaphini angu-4 ngokufaka ingxenye eyodwa kuphela.
Uma ibhodi lakho lomama lidinga izixhumi ezimbili ezingamaphini ayisishiyagalombili futhi ugesi wakho unesinye kuphela, ungazami noma yiziphi izindlela zokuzixazulula: nciphisa izinhlelo zamandla/ama-voltage ukuze usebenze (uma uqala ukusebenza) bese ushintsha ugesi ngokushesha okukhulu . Izintambo ze-PCIe ezivela kugesi azihambisani nesixhumi se-EPS se-CPU.
Khetha i-motherboard ne-VRM ngokuvumelana nokusetshenziswa kwangempela
Ngomsebenzi wokudala onemithwalo eqhubekayo (ukuhlela, ukuhumusha, i-AI), i -VRM enezigaba eziningi kanye ne-heatsink enhle kuyanconywa ukugcina i-CPU iseduze nemingcele yayo amahora amaningi. Emidlalweni, i-GPU ivame ukuba yinkanyezi, kodwa imiphumela efana nokulandelela imisebe nayo yandisa izidingo ze-CPU.
Izibonelo zezinhlanganisela ezivamile: ze-AMD, i-Ryzen 9 enama -chipset e- X870E aphezulu ; i-Ryzen 7 ene-X870E evamile noma efanayo; i-Ryzen 5 ku-B850 isebenza kahle kakhulu. Ku-Intel, kuma-processor e-Core Ultra 7 noma e-Ultra 9 angavuliwe, i-Z890 ilungele kakhulu; ngezinketho ezingabizi kakhulu, i-B860 ilungele kahle.
Futhi khumbula: ukufaka i-Core Ultra 245K kubhodi lomama "eli-Extreme" kufana nokusebenzisa iloli lokudonsa ukuya enkulisa ; kuzoba okwanele, kodwa ngeke usebenzise amandla ayo noma utshalomali lwakho.
I-VRM ngokujulile: ukusebenza, imikhawulo nezisombululo
I-VRM isebenzisa ama-MOSFET, ama-inductor, nama-capacitor ukulawula amandla nokuletha i-voltage ezinzile nehlanzekile ku-CPU . Umklamo omuhle unikeza ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuwohloka okuncane kwesikhathi eside kwe-CPU kanye ne-motherboard.
Izinkinga ezijwayelekile: Uma uhlanganisa i-CPU edla kakhulu amandla (i-TDP ephezulu, ama-cores amaningi kanye nezintambo, ama-frequency aphezulu) nebhodi lomama elisezingeni lokuqala, ama-VRM angadlula ama-80°C uma elayishwa ngokugcwele, alahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle, futhi abangele ukwehla kwama-frequency ngenxa yokuvikelwa kokushisa.
Izibonelo zangempela: amabhodi amaningi e-mATX aklanyelwe imisebenzi emincane awasebenzi kahle ngamaprosesa anamandla e-Xeon njenge-2666v3 (135W TDP kanye ne-turbo boost ephezulu). Ngisho noma kunama-core amaningi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye ne-turbo boost eqhubekayo yizona zinto ezinqumayo . Ukuphoqa ukupholisa ku-VRM kuyasiza ngezinga lokushisa, kodwa akudali amandla kagesi engeziwe.
Indlela yokuthuthukisa: Khetha amabhodi e-motherboard anezigaba zamandla zangempela , ama-MOSFET asezingeni eliphezulu, ama-heatsink amakhulu (ngezinye izikhathi axhunywe ngamapayipi okushisa), futhi okungcono kakhulu, ukuhlanganiswa nesivikelo se-I/O ukuze kwandiswe indawo engaphezulu. Ukuhamba komoya we-chassis kungenye into ebalulekile.
Imininingwane ezimayini (cryptocurrencies kanye nedatha)
Ama-rig asebenza ngomthamo ongu-100% amahora amaningi, edinga ukulethwa kwamandla okuzinzile nokuqhubekayo kusuka ku-PSU kuya kubhodi lomama kanye nama-GPU amaningi. Noma yikuphi ukwehla kwamandla kagesi noma i-voltage kungaphahlaza uhlelo, konakalise idatha, noma kulimaze ihadiwe.
Amabhodi omama okumba avame ukufaka izixhumi ezengeziwe zokuqinisa izikhala ze-PCIe. Akuphoqelekile ukuzisebenzisa zonke, kodwa njengoba ungeza ama-GPU engeziwe, kuyalulekwa ukuthi unike amandla isikhala ngasinye futhi usabalalise umthwalo ezintanjeni/emigwaqweni eminingi kuyunithi yokunikezela ngogesi (i-PSU).
Uhlu lokuhlola olusheshayo: I-PSU esezingeni eliphezulu ene-headroom, izintambo ezinikezelwe ku-GPU ngayinye, izixhumi zokuqinisa i-motherboard ezisetshenziswa ngokwenani lamakhadi, kanye namazinga okushisa alawulwayo ku-VRM kanye nama-GPU anomoya omuhle.
Ukuxazulula inkinga: Ukusuka kokuyisisekelo ukuya kokuthuthukile
Uma i-PC yakho ingavuli, hlola uxhumano oluyi-24-pin kanye ne-EPS, iswishi yokunikezela ngogesi (eVULIWE), i-power strip/plug, kanye nekhebula lenkinobho yokuvula ku-chassis. Ngezinye izikhathi inkinga iwukungalungi okulula , hhayi i-motherboard.
Iyaqala kodwa ayithumeli: faka kabusha i-CPU ne-RAM, qinisekisa ukuthi konke kuhlezi kahle, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi izintambo zikagesi zixhunywe ngokuphephile . Sebenzisa ukucushwa okuncane (imojula eyodwa ye-RAM, ayikho i-GPU uma une-GPU ehlanganisiwe) bese uhlola.
Uma ivala noma iqala kabusha yodwa, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yamandla anganele. Qiniseka ukuthi i-PSU yakho ine-wattage eyanele kanye nezintambo zayo yonke into. Ezinhlelweni zokumba, hlola ukuthi i-GPU ngayinye ithola ikhebula layo nokuthi izikhala ze-PCIe eziqinisiwe zebhodi lomama ziyasebenza, uma kusebenza.
Kuma-rig, uma kungekho ma-GPU atholakalayo: hlola ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokufakwa kwekhadi ngalinye. Uma lihluleka ngemva kwesikhashana, sola ukushisa ngokweqile (i-VRM/GPU) noma ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okungekuhle.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-PSU BIST (okunenkinobho nangaphandle kwayo)
Ezinye izinsiza zikagesi zifaka ukuzihlola kwe-BIST . Ukuze uyisebenzise ngenkinobho: cisha idivayisi, cindezela i-BIST, bese ubheka i-LED; kufanele ihlale ikhanya futhi ifeni kufanele ijikeleze ngamandla. Uma ifeni ingajikelezi kahle, cabanga ngokuhlolwa kwe-BIST njengokwehluleka, ngisho noma i-LED ikhanyisiwe.
Inkinobho yokungasebenzi kwamandla: Cima ugesi, khipha intambo kagesi imizuzwana eyi-15, bese uyixhuma futhi. I-LED kufanele ikhanyise cishe imizuzwana emithathu bese icima. Uma ingakhanyi , iyunithi yokunikezela ugesi (i-PSU) ayinikezi ugesi ebhodini lomama. Kumasistimu e-Dell, kunconywa ukuxhumana nosekelo olusemthethweni lwezinketho zokulungisa.
Ukuhambisana kwe-BIST: Lokhu kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa kumazinga afana ne -Alienware, i-Inspiron, i-OptiPlex, i-Vostro, i-XPS, i-G Series kanye nezindawo zokusebenza zedeskithophu , phakathi kwezinye (kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ze-Dell Pro Max Micro/Slim/Tower kanye namamodeli athile e-XE/XE5).
Ayikho I-Boot/No Image Guide (isiqondiso se-ASUS, sisebenza kumabhodi omama amaningi)
1) Ukunikezwa kwamandla: Hlola ipulagi yamandla, i-power strip, nokuthi iswishi yangemuva ku-PSU IVULIWE. Qinisekisa ukuthi izixhumi ze-24-pin (EATXPWR) kanye ne-CPU EPS (8-pin EATX12V_1 kanye ne-4-pin EATX12V_2, uma ibhodi lakho lomama linazo) zixhunywe kahle. Zama i-PSU ehlukile, eyaziwayo.
2) I-CPU: Hlola ukuhambisana ku -QVL/ukusekelwa komkhiqizi kwemodeli yebhodi lakho le-motherboard (isibonelo: I-ROG CROSSHAIR VII HERO). Qinisekisa inguqulo ye-BIOS enconyiwe encane; uma usebenzisa i-iGPU, qinisekisa ukuthi i-CPU yakho iyayisekela. Faka kabusha i-CPU bese uhlola ukuthi amaphini/amasokhethi ahlanzekile futhi awagobile.
3) I-RAM: Faka kabusha amamojula uze uzwe ukuchofoza. Uma kungekho sithombe esinamamojula amabili, zama eyodwa kuphela , izikhala ezishintshanayo. Sebenzisa amamojula ememori afakiwe ku-QVL bese ulandela ukucushwa okunconywayo encwadini (isibonelo, i-A2/B2).
4) Imidwebo: Faka kabusha i-dGPU kanye nekhebula layo levidiyo. Uma i-CPU yakho ine-iGPU, zama ukuyixhuma ngqo echwebeni lekhadi lemidwebo lebhodi le-motherboard ngaphandle kwe-dGPU. Uma kukhona isithombe, i-dGPU ingase ibe nephutha. Ungakhohlwa ukunika amandla i-dGPU ngezixhumi zayo ze-PCIe.
5) I-Monitor: Hlola ukuthi iyavula, ukuthi okokufaka okukhethiwe (i-HDMI/DP) kulungile, nokuthi ikhebula alinazo izikhonkwane ezigobile. Zama enye ikhebula noma i-monitor kwenye ikhompyutha.
6) Okuncane: Shiya i-CPU, i-heatsink, kanye ne-RAM module eyodwa kuphela . Nqamula i-USB, i-SSD, amakhadi e-PCIe, i-LAN, nomsindo. Uma manje ivuliwe, zixhume kabusha ngayinye ngayinye uze uhlukanise imbangela.
7) I-CMOS kanye nokuxilongwa: Sula i-CMOS ukuze unqume izilungiselelo ezonakele. Uma ibhodi lakho lomama linama- Q-LED , landela izinkomba. Futhi, qaphela amakhodi okukhala kwe-buzzer ukuze uthole ingxenye enephutha.
Imibuzo yokusekela evame ukubuzwa: Indlela yokuthola ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-BIOS ibhodi lakho le-motherboard elithunyelwe ngayo (bheka i-FAQ yomkhiqizi ). Futhi uma inkinga iqhubeka, xhumana nosekelo olusemthethweni lomkhiqizo webhodi lakho le-motherboard.
I-motherboard efile noma i-PSU efile?
Empeleni, imbangela evame kakhulu yesistimu "efile" ukunikezwa kwamandla okungasebenzi kahle noma ukwehluleka kwangaphandle (i-circuit breaker/fuse), hhayi i-motherboard. Zama njalo i-PSU enhle eyaziwayo ngaphambi kokwenza ukuxilongwa okuqondile. Ama-motherboard asezingeni eliphezulu (i-Intel, i-ASUS, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ephezulu) akuvamile ukwehluleka efektri.
Abathengisi abaningi baqinise izinqubomgomo zabo zokubuyisa ngoba amabhodi amaningi "anezinkinga" abuyiselwe asebenza uma efakwe kahle. Qaphela ukuhlala nebhodi lomama elisebenza kancane ngokukhubaza izici eziphukile: ukwehluleka okuyingxenye kuvame ukuba ngaphambi kokwehluleka okuphelele; kungcono ukulishintsha.
Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo
Ingabe uxhumano lwamandla olungalungile lungalimaza i-motherboard?
Yebo. Ukuphoqelela isixhumi endaweni engafanele noma ukushiya i-EPS ye-CPU ingenawo amandla kungabangela ukwehluleka kokuqalisa, ukungazinzi, noma umonakalo . Hlola ukuma, uhlobo, kanye nokuvikela iziqeshana.
Kungani umshini wami wokumba izimayini uvala noma uqalise kabusha ngesikhathi sokumba?
Ngokuvamile kungenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla noma ukusatshalaliswa okubi . Yenza usayizi ofanele weyunithi yakho yokunikezela amandla (i-PSU), sebenzisa izintambo ezinikezelwe ku-GPU ngayinye, bese unika amandla izikhala zokukhulisa ze-PCIe/Molex zebhodi lomama uma kudingeka. Lawula amazinga okushisa.
Kungani amanye amakhadi ezithombe engatholakali endaweni yami yezimayini?
Hlola ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokufakwa kwekhebula ngalinye le-GPU kanye ne-riser. Ikhadi ngalinye kumele libe nekhebula lalo elivela ku-PSU. Buyekeza i-BIOS/UEFI uma kunemikhawulo yokubalwa kwe-PCIe.
Ngenzenjani uma i-PC yami ingavuli?
Hlola i-power strip/plug, i-PSU switch, i-connector enamaphini angu-24, kanye ne-EPS connector. Zama i-boot encane, sula i-CMOS, bese uhlola enye i-power supply . Uma unefayela le-BIST, lisebenzise ukuze unqume ukuthi i-PSU iyinkinga.
Ukucabanga ngamandla njengezintambo nje "futhi yilokho kuphela" akuphumeleli: phakathi kwe-VRM, inani lezigaba, ukushabalaliswa kokushisa, izixhumi, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuxilonga, kukhona yonke i-ecosystem, lapho ikhethiwe futhi ihlanganiswa kahle, yenza umehluko omkhulu. Nge-VRM efanelekile, izixhumi ezifanele (amaphini angu-24 + EPS), i-PSU ene-headroom eyanele, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okucophelelayo, i-PC yakho noma i-rig yezimayini izoba nokuzinza, ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.
